Реферирование Научной Статьи Пример

Изложение научной работы – статьи. Приведены примеры. В данной статье вы узнаете, что такое реферирование научной статьи и как написать реферат.

Вот текст, он просто, про еду в Америке, о том, что в америке большой выбор продуктов чем в других странах, о том, что микроволновка упростила готовку и появились фаст фуды, семья может экономить на еде посещая сети таких магазинов и в конце, что в америке актуально и современно сейчас есть оргнически(полезную) пищу, которая состоит из натуральных продуктов AMERICAN FOOD Americans have a wider assortment of foods to choose from than consumers in any other country. Meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, cereals from various parts of the nation are available throughout the country during any season of the year. Frequently, the problem for the customer is not the lack of variety of brands of food, but rather the bewildering assortment from which he must choose.

In addition, the consumer can choose from foods that are fresh, frozen, canned and cooked or uncooked. Currently, virtually all food stores have available a wide array of frozen foods especially prepared to be heated or cooked in a microwave oven.

The microwave oven has revolutionized the home preparation of meals. It, along with the supermarket, where virtually any kind of foods are available, make the preparation of food the most time-efficient in the world. A family can make only one trip a week to the supermarket to purchase it food needs for an entire week. Before the turn of the century Americans will have access to computer-based shopping enabling them to make their buying decisions at home and picking up their purchases at the store or having them delivered to their homes. Since the 1950s fast-food and take-out restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation, first in the US, and more recently throughout the world. The first fast-food chains like McDonalds, Burger King, Arby's and Wendy's which offer sandwiches, hamburgers, French-fried potatoes, hot dogs, pizzas, pancakes, chili and fried chicken have been joined by other chains some of which offer Mexican, Chinese and other ethnic foods. The cost of the food in such restaurants is frequently cheaper than if one were to prepare similar food in one's kitchen.

Consequently, an entire family may frequently go to eat at fast food places for convenience and economy. A more recent development in the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods. The food industry has made available a wide variety of low-fat dairy and meat products. Animals are now being scientifically bred to produce lean meat. Even low fat cheeses and ice-creams are being produced.

Vegetable, fruit and cereal consumption are increasing. A second demand is for foods grown and produced free of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. This has led to the development of an 'organic food' industry. Of course, the cost of organic foods is substantially higher than for nonorganic food. The market for organic food has nevertheless been expanding. Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 123.

Но у меня вопросы: у статье есть автор, значит это текст??? The title of this text I'm going to speak about is American food. As the title presumes, the text is about what food American people eat. The text deals with.(?????) 4. The author of the text touches upon the problems for the customer touching food. The author of the text raises such important problem as what kind of food to choose in the supermarket and talks about advantages of fast-food. The prime objective (target) of the author is to attract the attention of the reader to the problem of health and organic food.

Реферирование Научной Статьи На Английском Пример

The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over to its possible solutions. The author begins his text with the statement about that Americans have a wider assortment of foods to choose from than consumers in any other country, so they have problem with it. The author continues with the facts about that the microwave oven has revolutionized the home preparation of meals, it made her simplier then since the 1950s fast-food and take-out restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation like McDonalds, Burger King, Arby's and Wendy's which offer sandwiches, hamburgers, French-fried potatoes, hot dogs, pizzas, pancakes, chili and fried chicken.

The author concludes with the statement that the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods. In the first place, the author deals with the problem of choice what kind of food to buy for consumers.

In the second place, the author deals upon the problem of the microwave oven, which has revolutionized the home preparation of meals and food became worse. In the third place, the author touches upon the problem of fast- food, such food can be cheaper but not healthier. The article says:«.».????????? The author refers to the data that since the 1950s fast-food and take-out restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation, first in the US, and more recently throughout the world and all this time people from all over the world eat such food. The idea (point of view, viewpoint, standpoint) of the author is the following that it is better to eat organic food.

The author is of the opinion that of course, the cost of organic foods is substantially higher than for nonorganic food. The article is informative (significant, profound, thought-provoking, captivating, urgent, acute.).???????? The message of the article is that a more recent development in the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods and the food industry has made available a wide variety of low-fat dairy and meat products. The main idea of the article is the following people must eat good, healthy food.

In my understanding people must not eat fast-food because such food is very harmful. In my opinion not only American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods but food from all over the world. It seems to me everyone must take care for about food which he or she chooses. Я понимаю, что много, но я с реферированием столкнулась впервые.и не знаю правильно ли передала смысл текста????и правильно содержательно ответила на вопросы????

Буду благодарна если предложете свои варианты или укажете мне на мои ошибки?? Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 463. Но у меня вопросы: у статье есть автор, значит это текст??? Люблю головоломки, но эта мне не под силу. Зато могу предложить свой вариант. В статье просто излагаются факты, никаких собственных выводов и мнений автор не сообщает.

Кажется, тут требуется просто написать summary. Тогда нужно изложить основное содержание статьи, можно своими словами, а объем такого реферата должен быть около одной четверти оригинала. The article 'American food' by What's-his-name deals with Americans' food consumption.

Americans have the widest assortment of foods, including prepared foods and foods for cooking in a microwave oven. Microwave ovens, supermarkets and computer-based shopping make the preparation of food easy and time-efficient. Since 1950s small fast-food restaurants have had a considerable proliferation.

Such restaurants offer a large assortment of conventional snacks and dishes, as well as more exotic ethnic foods. Having a meal in these restaurants is convenient, and cheaper than at home.

Recently the demand for low-fat meat and dairy products, vegetables, and organic foods has developed. Organic foods are costly, but organic foods market has been expanding. Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 123.

In the first place, the author deals with the problem of choice what kind of food to buy for consumers. In the second place, the author deals upon the problem of the microwave oven, which has revolutionized the home preparation of meals and food became worse(так можно сказать?). In the third place, the author touches upon the problem of fast- food, such food can be cheaper but not healthier. The author refers to the data that since the 1950s fast-food and take-out restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation, first in the US, and more recently throughout the world and all this time people from all over the world eat such food. The idea of the author is the following that it is better eat organic food.(нет ли в предложении ошибок??) The author is of the opinion that of course, the cost of organic foods is substantially higher than for nonorganic food. The article is informative and important (какое еще прилагательное можно подобрать к данному тексту, кроме того, что он информационный??) The message of the article is that a more recent development in the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods and the food industry has made available a wide variety of low-fat dairy and meat products.

The main idea of the article is the following people must eat good, healthy food. In my understanding people must not eat fast-food because such food is very harmful. In my opinion not only American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods but food industry from all over the world. It seems to me that everyone must take care for about food which he or she chooses посмотрите пожалуйста мои вопросы??

Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 463. Я попробовал проверить, добавил прилагательных и исправил несколько ошибок, которые сумел разглядеть. Моих познаний на большее, к сожалению, не хватает.

Было бы хорошо, если бы ваш реферат просмотрел более знающий человек. In the first place, the author deals with the problem of consumers' choice of what kind of food to buy. In the second place, the author deals with the problem of the microwave oven, which has revolutionized the home preparation of meals, and food became worse. In the third place, the author touches upon the problem of fast- food, such food can be cheaper but not healthier.

The author refers to the data that since the 1950s fast-food and take-out restaurants have had a phenomenal proliferation, first in the US, and more recently throughout the world and people from all over the world eat such food. The idea of the author is that it is better to eat organic food.

The author is of the opinion that, of course, the cost of organic foods is substantially higher than the cost of nonorganic food. The article is well-written, informative, thought-provoking, and suggestive. The message of the article is that a more recent development in the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods and the food industry has made available a wide variety of low-fat dairy and meat products.

The main idea of the article is that people must eat good, healthy food. In my understanding people must not eat fast-food because such food is very harmful. In my opinion not only American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods but food industry from all over the world. It seems to me that everyone must be careful about food which he or she chooses. Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 123. Спасибо вам огромное если не сложно, посмотрите пож-та первуй часть моего текста.я ее тоже проверила, но вдруг и там есть ошибки(((: The title of this text I'm going to speak about is American food. As the title presumes, the text is about what food Americans eat.

The text deals with Americans' food consumption. The author of the text touches upon the problems for the customer touching food. The author of the text raises such important problem as what kind of food to choose in the supermarket and talks about advantages of fast-food.

The prime target of the author is to attract the attention of the reader to «organic food». The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over to its possible solutions. The author begins his text with the statement about that Americans have a wider assortment of foods to choose from than consumers in any other country, so they have problem with it. The author continues with the facts about that the microwave oven has revolutionized the home preparation of meals; it makes the preparation of food easy and time-efficient.10.

The author concludes with the statement that the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods. Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 463.

The title of this text I'm going to speak about is American food.-это я сама исправила на The title of this text is about American food-так наверное будет лучше? Может и лучше. А если оставить первый вариант, то this text я бы заменил на the text, и тогда вполне ничего получается. Первый вариант, видимо, лучше для устного доклада по статье, второй - для письменного. The title of the text I'm going to speak about is American food.

As the title presumes, the text is about what food Americans eat. The text deals with Americans' food consumption. The author of the text touches upon food-choosing problems for the customer. The author of the text raises such important problem as what kind of food to choose in the supermarket and talks about advantages of fast-food. The prime target of the author is to attract the attention of the reader to «organic food».

Реферирование Научной Статьи Образец

The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over to its possible solutions. The author begins his text with the statement that Americans have a wider assortment of foods to choose from than consumers in any other country, so they have problem with it. The author continues with the facts about the microwave oven, and states that it has revolutionized the home preparation of meals; it makes the preparation of food easy and time-efficient.10. The author concludes with the statement that the American food industry has been the demand for healthier foods.

Несколько мелких деталей я исправил, а стилистику и композицию править не умею. Кстати, ваш набор клише мне действительно понравился, надо запомнить парочку. Их употребление делает текст ошарашивающе академиеподобным и интеллектуально устрашающим.

Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +0/-0 Offline Сообщений: 123. Может кто помочь с пересказом данного текста? Pathology of MIDD. MIDD is diagnosed by the demonstration of monoclonal Ig light, heavy, or light and heavy chains in the basement membranes of kidneys and other viscera that do not take up Congo red and do not form fibrils when examined by electron microscopy (78).

First recognized as isolated deposits of light chains, examples of light-chain, light- and heavy-chain, and isolated heavy-chain deposits now define the immunopathologic spectrum (73,79). MIDD may coexist with typical myeloma cast nephropathy in one third of the cases, and this confers a poorer prognosis because these patients are more likely to have myeloma and renal failure at presentation (73). In addition, there are cases of MIDD that affect only the tubules without glomerular deposits, nodular glomerulosclerosis, or cast nephropathy. The histologic and ultrastructural pathology of the various monoclonal Ig deposits are similar.

Nodular glomerulosclerosis, resembling diabetic glomerular disease, is present in 60% of cases (73,78). The glomeruli have multiple, acellular, periodic acid-Schiff–positive, nonargyrophilic, Congo red–negative nodules that compress the capillaries, which may be thickened (Figure 3).

There are inconstant electron-dense, subendothelial, granular, punctuate deposits that may diffusely infiltrate the basal lamina. Although the glomeruli usually contain linear deposits of monotypic Ig, the finding is inconsistent. Although glomerular proteinuria is common and many patients have the nephrotic syndrome (see above), the defining immunochemical features and associated histologic findings are seen in the renal tubules (78,80–82). The tubules show bright, retractile, periodic acid-Schiff–positive, Congo red–negative, ribbon-like thickening of their basement membranes, and this finding is most prominent in the medulla. Similar deposits may be seen surrounding the vasa recta and lying free in the medullary interstitium. The tubular basement membrane deposits are smooth and linear by fluorescence microscopy (Figure 4). Complement is rarely present, and amyloid P component is absent (19).

Punctate electron-dense deposits are seen on the external (interstitial) side of the tubular basement membranes by electron microscopy (Figure 5), with no evidence of fibril formation (81,83). The pathogenesis of nodular glomerular sclerosis in MIDD depends on the interaction of fibrogenic monoclonal Ig with mesangial cells (84), and specific Ig light chain sequences are associated with MIDD with either or classes (85,86). Under the influence of fibrogenic cytokines, the mesangial cells synthesize matrix proteins that comprise the nodules (87,88).

Реферирование Научной Статьи Пример

The factors that are responsible for and the pathogenetic significance of monoclonal Ig deposition in glomerular and tubular basement membranes have not been identified. Monoclonal Ig deposition disease (MIDD) Записан Privileged user пользователь Карма: +35/-0 Offline Сообщений: 592.